Fibromuscular dysplasia is commonly known to cause which of the following?

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) primarily affects the medium-sized arteries and is particularly known for causing renal artery stenosis. This condition is characterized by abnormal growth within the artery wall, which can lead to narrowing (stenosis) or aneurysm formation. In the case of renal artery stenosis, the decreased blood flow to the kidneys can result in secondary hypertension as the kidneys stimulate the renin-angiotensin system in response to the perceived lack of blood flow.

FMD is often seen in younger women and is diagnosed through imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MR angiography that reveal characteristic "string of beads" appearance of the involved arteries. The other options listed do not have a direct or prevalent association with fibromuscular dysplasia: pulmonary embolism arises from thrombosis in the venous system, coronary artery disease is generally due to atherosclerosis, and while FMD can affect the aorta, it’s less commonly associated with significant aortic aneurysms compared to its effects on renal arteries. Thus, the primary and most recognized complication of fibromuscular dysplasia is renal artery stenosis.